独立主格结构及其用法归纳
益阳市箴言中学 曹丽梅
独立主格结构（Absolute Norminative Construction）是以一个单独的主格代词或主格（也叫通格）名词，作为逻辑主语，加上一个分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词或介词短语等作为逻辑谓语而构成的复合结构。其作用相当于状语从句或状语，在句中用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况。这种结构多用于书面语中。独立主格大体有以下几种结构：
1.名词（代词）+现在分词；（现在分词表示与其逻辑主语是主动关系）
Spring coming on, the trees turned green. 春天来了，树都绿了。
The coward was backing, his face being deathly pale toward another room.那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。
2.名词（代词）+过去分词；（过去分词表示与其逻辑主语是被动关系）
She stood there, her hands crossed on the chest. 她双手叉在胸前站在那儿。
The question settled, they went back to their respective posts. 这问题解决后，她们就回到各自的岗位上去了。
Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible.
把一切考虑在内，这个计划看起来可行。
3.名词（代词）+不定式；（不定式用来表将来的动作）
Please finish the first exercise in class, the second to be done after class as your homework. 课堂上请完成练习一，练习二作为课后作业。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
4.名词（代词）+形容词；
The students were listening to the teacher, their eyes wide open. 学生们睁大眼睛在听老师讲课。
The food delicious, I was full.食物非常可口，我也很饱了。
5.名词（代词）+副词；
This little excitement over, nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion.一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。
6.名词（代词）+介词短语；
The old professor came into the lab, book in hand. 老教授手里拿着书走进了实验室。
The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist, a bunch of flowers in his hands.广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。
所有上述独立主格结构的六种形式均可以由with或without+名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语引导。这种用法中的with不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。如：
(1) He stood there, his hands raised. = He stood there, with his hands raised.他举手着站在那儿。
(2)The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词结构。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
7．名词（代词）+名词；
Her son a bus driver, she goes to the city easily. 她儿子是司机，因此她进城很方便。
A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400 Cambodians, most of them women. 一个有15名印度人的专家组，组织了一个有400句柬埔寨人的劳动大军，其中多数是妇女。
8．There being+名词（或代词）（这种结构是存在句型的独立主格结构，主要用于there be…结构作状语时的情况。）
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
There being your help, I’ll be able to complete the task.有你的帮助，也许我能完成这个任务。
9．It being+表示“时间、距离、天气”等概念的名词。
It being a bank holiday, all the shops were shut. 这一天是银行假日，所有的商店都关门了。
It being not far away from here to my school, I walk there every day. 这离我的学校不远，我每天步行到那儿。